The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Mathematics \Math`e*mat"ics\, n. [F. math['e]matiques, pl., L.
   mathematica, sing., Gr. ? (sc. ?) science. See Mathematic,
   and -ics.]
   That science, or class of sciences, which treats of the exact
   relations existing between quantities or magnitudes, and of
   the methods by which, in accordance with these relations,
   quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known
   or supposed; the science of spatial and quantitative
   relations.
   [1913 Webster]

   Note: Mathematics embraces three departments, namely: 1.
         Arithmetic. 2. Geometry, including Trigonometry
         and Conic Sections. 3. Analysis, in which letters
         are used, including Algebra, Analytical Geometry,
         and Calculus. Each of these divisions is divided into
         pure or abstract, which considers magnitude or quantity
         abstractly, without relation to matter; and mixed or
         applied, which treats of magnitude as subsisting in
         material bodies, and is consequently interwoven with
         physical considerations.
         [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

mathematics
    n 1: a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the
         logic of quantity and shape and arrangement [syn:
         mathematics, math, maths]

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

70 Moby Thesaurus words for "mathematics":
   Boolean algebra, Euclidean geometry, Fourier analysis,
   Lagrangian function, algebra, algebraic geometry, algorism,
   algorithm, analysis, analytic geometry, applied mathematics,
   arithmetic, associative algebra, binary arithmetic, calculus,
   circle geometry, descriptive geometry, differential calculus,
   division algebra, equivalent algebras, figures, game theory,
   geodesy, geometry, graphic algebra, group theory, higher algebra,
   higher arithmetic, higher mathematics, hyperbolic geometry,
   infinitesimal calculus, integral calculus, intuitional geometry,
   invariant subalgebra, inverse geometry, line geometry,
   linear algebra, math, mathematic, mathematical physics,
   matrix algebra, metageometry, modular arithmetic,
   n-tuple linear algebra, natural geometry, nilpotent algebra,
   number theory, numbers, plane trigonometry, political arithmetic,
   projective geometry, proper subalgebra, pure mathematics,
   quaternian algebra, reducible algebra, set theory, simple algebra,
   solid geometry, speculative geometry, spherical trigonometry,
   statistics, subalgebra, systems analysis, topology, trig,
   trigonometry, universal algebra, universal geometry,
   vector algebra, zero algebra