The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Transpose \Trans*pose"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transposed; p.
   pr. & vb. n. Transposing.] [F. transposer; pref. trans- (L.
   trans across) + poser to put. See Pose.]
   [1913 Webster]
   1. To change the place or order of; to substitute one for the
      other of; to exchange, in respect of position; as, to
      transpose letters, words, or propositions.
      [1913 Webster]

   2. To change; to transform; to invert. [R.]
      [1913 Webster]

            Things base and vile, holding no quantity,
            Love can transpose to form and dignity. --Shak.
      [1913 Webster]

   3. (Alg.) To bring, as any term of an equation, from one side
      over to the other, without destroying the equation; thus,
      if a + b = c, and we make a = c - b, then b is said to be
      transposed.
      [1913 Webster]

   4. (Gram.) To change the natural order of, as words.
      [1913 Webster]

   5. (Mus.) To change the key of.
      [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

transpose
    n 1: a matrix formed by interchanging the rows and columns of a
         given matrix
    v 1: change the order or arrangement of; "Dyslexics often
         transpose letters in a word" [syn: permute, commute,
         transpose]
    2: transfer from one place or period to another; "The ancient
       Greek story was transplanted into Modern America" [syn:
       transfer, transpose, transplant]
    3: cause to change places; "interchange this screw for one of a
       smaller size" [syn: counterchange, transpose,
       interchange]
    4: transfer a quantity from one side of an equation to the other
       side reversing its sign, in order to maintain equality
    5: put (a piece of music) into another key
    6: exchange positions without a change in value; "These
       operators commute with each other" [syn: commute,
       transpose]
    7: change key; "Can you transpose this fugue into G major?"

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

107 Moby Thesaurus words for "transpose":
   adapt, alternate, arrange, assign, bandy, be quits with,
   carry over, change, communicate, commute, compensate, compose,
   consign, convert, cooperate, counterchange, deliver, deport,
   diffuse, disseminate, evert, exchange, expel, export, extradite,
   get back at, get even with, give and take, hand forward, hand on,
   hand over, harmonize, impart, import, instrument, instrumentate,
   interchange, introvert, intussuscept, invaginate, inverse, invert,
   logroll, make an adaptation, make over, melodize, metamorphose,
   metastasize, metathesize, musicalize, orchestrate, pass, pass on,
   pass over, pass the buck, pay back, perfuse, permute, pronate, put,
   put to music, reciprocate, relay, render, requite, respond,
   resupinate, retaliate, return, return the compliment, reverse,
   revert, revolve, rotate, score, set, set to music, spread,
   supinate, swap, switch, trade, transcribe, transfer,
   transfer property, transfigure, transfuse, translate, translocate,
   transmit, transmogrify, transmute, transplace, transplant,
   transubstantiate, turn, turn about, turn around, turn down,
   turn in, turn inside out, turn out, turn over, turn the scale,
   turn the tables, turn upside down, write