The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Roughness \Rough"ness\, n.
   The quality or state of being rough.
   [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

roughness
    n 1: a texture of a surface or edge that is not smooth but is
         irregular and uneven [syn: roughness, raggedness] [ant:
         smoothness]
    2: the quality of being unpleasant (harsh or rough or grating)
       to the senses [syn: harshness, roughness]
    3: an unpolished unrefined quality; "the crudeness of frontier
       dwellings depressed her" [syn: crudeness, roughness]
    4: used of the sea during inclement or stormy weather [syn:
       choppiness, roughness, rough water]
    5: rowdy behavior [syn: rowdiness, rowdyism, roughness,
       disorderliness]
    6: the formation of small pits in a surface as a consequence of
       corrosion [syn: pitting, roughness, indentation]
    7: harsh or severe speech or behavior; "men associate the
       roughness of nonstandard working-class speech with
       masculinity"; "the roughness of her voice was a signal to
       keep quiet"

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

239 Moby Thesaurus words for "roughness":
   CAT, Gothicism, abruptness, acerbity, acidity, acidulousness,
   acridity, acrimony, acuteness, aerospace, aerosphere,
   aggressiveness, air hole, air pocket, airspace, animality,
   arrhythmia, asperity, astringency, atrocity, austerity, bad taste,
   barbarism, barbarity, barbarousness, bearishness, beastliness,
   bite, bitingness, bitterness, bloodlust, bluntness, bombasticness,
   boorishness, brashness, brokenness, brusqueness, brusquerie,
   brutality, bump, cacology, cacophony, callowness, capriciousness,
   causticity, ceiling, choppiness, churlishness, clumsiness,
   coarse-grainedness, coarseness, cracked voice, crassness,
   crosswind, crudeness, crudity, crustiness, cumbrousness, curtness,
   cuttingness, destructiveness, desultoriness, disconnectedness,
   discontinuity, discord, dryness, dysphemism, earthiness,
   eccentricity, edge, empty space, erraticness, extremity,
   favorable wind, ferociousness, fibrillation, fierceness,
   fitfulness, fits and starts, fluctuation, fog, force, front,
   furiousness, gaudiness, gracelessness, graininess, granularity,
   granulation, greenness, grimness, grip, grittiness, grossness,
   gruffness, gutturalism, gutturality, gutturalness, hardness,
   harshness, head wind, heaviness, high-pressure area, hoarseness,
   hole, huskiness, ill-balanced sentences, immatureness, immaturity,
   impetuosity, impropriety, impurity, inclemency, inconcinnity,
   inconstancy, incorrectness, indecorousness, inelegance, inelegancy,
   infelicity, inhumanity, intensity, intermittence, ionosphere,
   irregularity, jerkiness, jetstream, keenness, lack of finish,
   lack of polish, leadenness, loudness, low-pressure area, malignity,
   mercilessness, meretriciousness, mindlessness, mordacity, mordancy,
   murderousness, nastiness, nondevelopment, nonuniformity, obscenity,
   overcast, oversimplicity, oversimplification, patchiness, piquancy,
   pitilessness, pocket, poignancy, point, pompousness, ponderousness,
   poor diction, pungency, raspiness, raucity, rawness, reductionism,
   ribaldry, rigor, rudeness, savagery, scrapiness, scratchiness,
   sesquipedalianism, sesquipedality, severity, sharpness, shortness,
   simplism, slipshod construction, soup, sourness, space, spasticity,
   sporadicity, sporadicness, spottiness, stagger, sternness,
   stertorousness, stiltedness, sting, stratosphere, stridency,
   stringency, substratosphere, surliness, tail wind, tartness,
   tastelessness, teeth, terrorism, the rough, thickness, throatiness,
   trenchancy, tropopause, troposphere, trough, truculence,
   turbulence, turgidity, ugliness, uncertainty, uncouthness,
   uncultivation, undevelopment, uneuphoniousness, unevenness,
   unfinish, unfinishedness, unfledgedness, ungentleness,
   ungracefulness, unmethodicalness, unpredictability, unrefinement,
   unripeness, unseemliness, unsteadiness, unsystematicness,
   unwieldiness, vandalism, variability, vehemence, venom,
   viciousness, violence, virulence, visibility, visibility zero,
   vulgarism, vulgarity, whimsicality, wobble