The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Correction \Cor*rec"tion\ (k?r-r?k"sh?n), n. [L. correctio: cf.
   F. correction.]
   1. The act of correcting, or making that right which was
      wrong; change for the better; amendment; rectification, as
      of an erroneous statement.
      [1913 Webster]

            The due correction of swearing, rioting, neglect of
            God's word, and other scandalouss vices. --Strype.
      [1913 Webster]

   2. The act of reproving or punishing, or that which is
      intended to rectify or to cure faults; punishment;
      discipline; chastisement.
      [1913 Webster]

            Correction and instruction must both work
            Ere this rude beast will profit.      --Shak.
      [1913 Webster]

   3. That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong;
      an emendation; as, the corrections on a proof sheet should
      be set in the margin.
      [1913 Webster]

   4. Abatement of noxious qualities; the counteraction of what
      is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; as, the
      correction of acidity in the stomach.
      [1913 Webster]

   5. An allowance made for inaccuracy in an instrument; as,
      chronometer correction; compass correction.
      [1913 Webster]

   Correction line (Surv.), a parallel used as a new base line
      in laying out township in the government lands of the
      United States. The adoption at certain intervals of a
      correction line is necessitated by the convergence of of
      meridians, and the statute requirement that the townships
      must be squares.

   House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are
      confined; a bridewell.

   Under correction, subject to correction; admitting the
      possibility of error.
      [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

correction
    n 1: the act of offering an improvement to replace a mistake;
         setting right [syn: correction, rectification]
    2: a quantity that is added or subtracted in order to increase
       the accuracy of a scientific measure [syn: correction,
       fudge factor]
    3: something substituted for an error
    4: a rebuke for making a mistake [syn: correction,
       chastening, chastisement]
    5: a drop in stock market activity or stock prices following a
       period of increases; "market runups are invariably followed
       by a correction"
    6: the act of punishing; "the offenders deserved the harsh
       discipline they received" [syn: discipline, correction]
    7: treatment of a specific defect; "the correction of his vision
       with eye glasses"

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

104 Moby Thesaurus words for "correction":
   admonishment, admonition, amendment, amends, appraisal,
   appraisement, approximation, assessment, assize, assizement,
   calculation, castigation, chastening, chastisement, chiding,
   compensation, computation, condign punishment, corrigendum,
   deserts, determination, disciplinary measures, discipline, editing,
   emendation, estimate, estimation, evaluation, ferule, fixing,
   gauging, improvement, infliction, instrumentation, judgment,
   judicial punishment, lecture, lesson, making right, measure,
   measurement, measuring, mending, mensuration, metric system,
   nemesis, objurgation, overhaul, overhauling, pains,
   pains and punishments, pay, payment, penal retribution, penalty,
   penology, punishment, punition, quantification, quantization,
   rating, rebuke, recension, recompense, rectification, redaction,
   redress, remedy, repair, repairing, reparation, reprehension,
   reprimand, reproach, reprobation, reproof, reproval, rescript,
   rescription, retribution, retributive justice, revampment, revisal,
   revise, revised edition, revision, rewrite, rewriting, rod,
   satisfaction, scolding, scourge, sermon, spanking, survey,
   surveying, telemetering, telemetry, triangulation, troubleshooting,
   upbraiding, valuation, well-deserved punishment, what-for



Bouvier's Law Dictionary, Revised 6th Ed (1856):

CORRECTION,punishment. Chastisement by one having authority of a person who
has committed some offence, for the purpose of bringing him to legal
subjection.
     2. It is chiefly exercised in a parental manner, by parents, or those
who are placed in loco parentis. A parent may therefore justify the
correction of the child either corporally or by confinement; and a
schoolmaster, under whose care and instruction a parent has placed his
child, may equally justify similar correction; but the correction in both,
cases must be moderate, and in proper manner. Com. Dig. Pleader, 3 M. 19;
Hawk. c. 60, s. 23, and c. 62, s. 2 c. 29, s. 5.
     3. The master of an apprentice, for disobedience, may correct him
moderately 1 Barn. & Cres. 469 Cro. Car. 179 2 Show. 289; 10 Mart. Lo. It.
38; but he cannot delegate the authority to another. 9 Co. 96.
     4. A master has no right to correct his servants who are not
apprentices.
     5. Soldiers are liable to moderate correction from their superiors. For
the sake of maintaining their discipline on board of the navy, the captain
of a vessel, either belonging to the United States, or to private
individuals, may inflict moderate correction on a sailor for disobedience or
disorderly conduct. Abbott on Shipp. 160; 1 Ch. Pr. 73; 14 John. R. 119; 15
)lass. 365; 1 Bay, 3; Bee, 161; 1 Pet. Adm. Dec. 168; Molloy, 209; 1 Ware's
R. 83. Such has been the general rule. But by a proviso to an act of
congress, approved the 28th of September, l850, flogging in the navy and on
board vessels of commerce was abolished.
     6. Any excess of correction by the parent, master, officer, or captain,
may render the party guilty of an assault and battery, and liable to all its
consequences. In some prisons, the keepers have the right to correct the
prisoners.