The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Strip \Strip\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stripped; p. pr. & vb. n.
   Stripping.] [OE. stripen, strepen, AS. str?pan in bestr?pan
   to plunder; akin to D. stroopen, MHG. stroufen, G. streifen.]
   1. To deprive; to bereave; to make destitute; to plunder;
      especially, to deprive of a covering; to skin; to peel;
      as, to strip a man of his possession, his rights, his
      privileges, his reputation; to strip one of his clothes;
      to strip a beast of his skin; to strip a tree of its bark.
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            And strippen her out of her rude array. --Chaucer.
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            They stripped Joseph out of his coat. --Gen. xxxvii.
                                                  23.
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            Opinions which . . . no clergyman could have avowed
            without imminent risk of being stripped of his gown.
                                                  --Macaulay.
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   2. To divest of clothing; to uncover.
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            Before the folk herself strippeth she. --Chaucer.
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            Strip your sword stark naked.         --Shak.
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   3. (Naut.) To dismantle; as, to strip a ship of rigging,
      spars, etc.
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   4. (Agric.) To pare off the surface of, as land, in strips.
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   5. To deprive of all milk; to milk dry; to draw the last milk
      from; hence, to milk with a peculiar movement of the hand
      on the teats at the last of a milking; as, to strip a cow.
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   6. To pass; to get clear of; to outstrip. [Obs.]
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            When first they stripped the Malean promontory.
                                                  --Chapman.
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            Before he reached it he was out of breath,
            And then the other stripped him.      --Beau. & Fl.
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   7. To pull or tear off, as a covering; to remove; to wrest
      away; as, to strip the skin from a beast; to strip the
      bark from a tree; to strip the clothes from a man's back;
      to strip away all disguisses.
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            To strip bad habits from a corrupted heart, is
            stripping off the skin.               --Gilpin.
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   8. (Mach.)
      (a) To tear off (the thread) from a bolt or nut; as, the
          thread is stripped.
      (b) To tear off the thread from (a bolt or nut); as, the
          bolt is stripped.
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   9. To remove the metal coating from (a plated article), as by
      acids or electrolytic action.
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   10. (Carding) To remove fiber, flock, or lint from; -- said
       of the teeth of a card when it becomes partly clogged.
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   11. To pick the cured leaves from the stalks of (tobacco) and
       tie them into "hands"; to remove the midrib from (tobacco
       leaves).
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WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

stripped
    adj 1: having only essential or minimal features; "a stripped
           new car"; "a stripped-down budget" [syn: stripped,
           stripped-down]
    2: having everything extraneous removed including contents; "the
       bare walls"; "the cupboard was bare" [syn: bare,
       stripped]
    3: with clothing stripped off

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

49 Moby Thesaurus words for "stripped":
   bared, beggared, beggarly, bereaved, bereaved of, bereft, cut off,
   denudated, denuded, deprived, deprived of, disadvantaged, divested,
   exposed, fleeced, ghettoized, impoverished, in need, in rags,
   in want, indigent, lacking, laid bare, mendicant, minus, naked,
   necessitous, needy, nude, on relief, out at elbows, out of,
   parted from, pauperized, poverty-stricken, raw, robbed of,
   shorn of, showing, stark-naked, starveling, stripped of, unclad,
   unclothed, uncovered, underprivileged, undressed, unveiled,
   wanting