The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Longitude \Lon"gi*tude\, n. [F., fr. L. longitudo, fr. longus
   long.]
   1. Length; measure or distance along the longest line; --
      distinguished from breadth or thickness; as, the
      longitude of a room; rare now, except in a humorous sense.
      --Sir H. Wotton.
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            The longitude of their cloaks.        --Sir. W.
                                                  Scott.
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            Mine [shadow] spindling into longitude immense.
                                                  --Cowper.
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   2. (Geog.) The arc or portion of the equator intersected
      between the meridian of a given place and the meridian of
      some other place from which longitude is reckoned, as from
      Greenwich, England, or sometimes from the capital of a
      country, as from Washington or Paris. The longitude of a
      place is expressed either in degrees or in time; as, that
      of New York is 74[deg] or 4 h. 56 min. west of Greenwich.
      [1913 Webster]

   3. (Astron.) The distance in degrees, reckoned from the
      vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle at right
      angles to the ecliptic passing through the heavenly body
      whose longitude is designated; as, the longitude of
      Capella is 79[deg].
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   Geocentric longitude (Astron.), the longitude of a heavenly
      body as seen from the earth.

   Heliocentric longitude, the longitude of a heavenly body,
      as seen from the sun's center.

   Longitude stars, certain stars whose position is known, and
      the data in regard to which are used in observations for
      finding the longitude, as by lunar distances.
      [1913 Webster]

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Refraction \Re*frac"tion\ (r?*fr?k"sh?n), n. [F. r['e]fraction.]
   1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
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   2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the
      like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different
      density from that through which it has previously moved.
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            Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser,
            is made towards the perpendicular.    --Sir I.
                                                  Newton.
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   3. (Astron.)
      (a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and,
          consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly
          body from which it emanates, arising from its passage
          through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished
          as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
      (b) The correction which is to be deducted from the
          apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of
          atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true
          altitude.
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   Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray
      makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the
      two media traversed by the ray.

   Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light
      into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone.
      This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals
      of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical
      refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction,
      in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a
      cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence;
      and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is
      changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal,
      from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder.
      This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R.
      Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by
      experiment.

   Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the
      apparent place of one object relative to a second object
      near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required
      to be made to the observed relative places of the two
      bodies.

   Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two
      directions, which produces two distinct images. The power
      of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except
      those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said
      to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically
      negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative,
      double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis
      of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial
      crystal is similarly designated when the same relation
      holds for the acute bisectrix.

   Index of refraction. See under Index.

   Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a
      graduated circle for the measurement of refraction.

   Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, right
   ascension, etc., the change in the apparent latitude,
      longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of
      atmospheric refraction.

   Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude
      of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the
      top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from
      it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying
      density.
      [1913 Webster]

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Heliocentric \He`li*o*cen"tric\
   (h[=e]`l[i^]*[-o]*s[e^]n"tr[i^]k), Heliocentrical
\He`li*o*cen"tric"al\ (h[=e]`l[i^]*[-o]*s[e^]n"tr[i^]*kal), a.
   [Helio- + centric, centrical: cf. F. h['e]liocentrique.]
   (Astron.)
   pertaining to the sun's center, or appearing to be seen from
   it; having, or relating to, the sun as a center; -- opposed
   to geocentrical.
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   Heliocentric parallax. See under Parallax.

   Heliocentric place, latitude, longitude, etc. (of a
      heavenly body), the direction, latitude, longitude, etc.,
      of the body as viewed from the sun.
      [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

longitude
    n 1: the angular distance between a point on any meridian and
         the prime meridian at Greenwich

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

138 Moby Thesaurus words for "longitude":
   Antarctic Zone, Arctic Circle, Arctic Zone, Cartesian coordinates,
   Frigid Zones, Lambert conformal projection, Mercator projection,
   Miller projection, Torrid Zone, Tropic of Cancer,
   Tropic of Capricorn, Variable Zones, abscissa, aeronautical chart,
   altitude, aphelion, apogee, astronomical chart,
   astronomical longitude, atlas, autumnal equinox, azimuth,
   azimuthal equidistant projection, azimuthal projection,
   cartographer, cartography, celestial chart, celestial equator,
   celestial globe, celestial longitude, celestial meridian, chart,
   chorographer, chorography, circle, climate, climatic chart, clime,
   colures, conic projection, contour line, contour map, coordinates,
   cylindrical coordinates, cylindrical projection, declination,
   distance, ecliptic, equator, equator coordinates, equinoctial,
   equinoctial circle, equinoctial colure, equinox, extension, extent,
   galactic longitude, general reference map, geocentric longitude,
   geodetic longitude, globe, gnomonic projection, graphic scale,
   great circle, grid line, hachure, heliocentric longitude,
   heliographic chart, horse latitudes, hydrographic chart, index,
   infinity, isoline, latitude, layer tint, legend, length,
   lengthiness, linear measures, long time, longitude in arc,
   longness, map, map maker, map projection, mapper, measure,
   meridian, mileage, orbit, ordinate, overall length, parallel,
   perigee, perihelion, period, perpetuity, photogrammetrist,
   photogrammetry, photomap, phototopography, physical map,
   polar coordinates, political map, polyconic projection,
   prime meridian, projection, reach, relief map,
   representative fraction, right ascension, road map,
   roaring forties, scale, sinusoidal projection, small circle,
   solstitial colure, span, special map, stretch, subtropics,
   terrain map, terrestrial globe, the line, thematic map,
   topographer, topographic chart, topography, trajectory,
   transportation map, tropic, tropics, vernal equinox, weather chart,
   weather map, yardage, zodiac, zone