The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Sandpiper \Sand"pi`per\, n.
   1. (Zool.) Any one of numerous species of small limicoline
      game birds belonging to Tringa, Actodromas,
      Ereunetes, and various allied genera of the family
      Tringidae.
      [1913 Webster]

   Note: The most important North American species are the
         pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata), called also
         brownback, grass snipe, and jacksnipe; the
         red-backed, or black-breasted, sandpiper, or dunlin
         (Tringa alpina); the purple sandpiper (Tringa
         maritima: the red-breasted sandpiper, or knot (Tringa
         canutus); the semipalmated sandpiper (Ereunetes
         pusillus); the spotted sandpiper, or teeter-tail
         (Actitis macularia); the buff-breasted sandpiper
         (Tryngites subruficollis), and the Bartramian
         sandpiper, or upland plover. See under Upland. Among
         the European species are the dunlin, the knot, the
         ruff, the sanderling, and the common sandpiper
         (Actitis hypoleucus syn. Tringoides hypoleucus),
         called also fiddler, peeper, pleeps, weet-weet,
         and summer snipe. Some of the small plovers and
         tattlers are also called sandpipers.
         [1913 Webster]

   2. (Zool.) A small lamprey eel; the pride.
      [1913 Webster]

   Curlew sandpiper. See under Curlew.

   Stilt sandpiper. See under Stilt.
      [1913 Webster]

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Curlew \Cur"lew\ (k[^u]r"l[=u]), n. [F. courlieu, corlieu,
   courlis; perh. of imitative origin, but cf. OF. corlieus
   courier; L. currere to run + levis light.] (Zool.)
   A wading bird of the genus Numenius, remarkable for its
   long, slender, curved bill.
   [1913 Webster]

   Note: The common European curlew is Numenius arquatus. The
         long-billed (Numenius longirostris), the Hudsonian
         (Numenius Hudsonicus), and the Eskimo curlew
         (Numenius borealis, are American species. The name is
         said to imitate the note of the European species.
         [1913 Webster]

   Curlew Jack (Zool.) the whimbrel or lesser curlew.

   Curlew sandpiper (Zool.), a sandpiper (Tringa ferruginea
      or Tringa subarquata), common in Europe, rare in
      America, resembling a curlew in having a long, curved
      bill. See Illustation in Appendix.
      [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

curlew sandpiper
    n 1: Old World sandpiper with a curved bill like a curlew [syn:
         curlew sandpiper, Calidris Ferruginea]