The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Cholera \Chol"er*a\, n. [L., a bilious disease. See Choler.]
   (Med.)
   One of several diseases affecting the digestive and
   intestinal tract and more or less dangerous to life, esp. the
   one commonly called Asiatic cholera.
   [1913 Webster]

   Asiatic cholera, a malignant and rapidly fatal disease,
      originating in Asia and frequently epidemic in the more
      filthy sections of other lands, to which the germ or
      specific poison may have been carried. It is characterized
      by diarrhea, rice-water evacuations, vomiting, cramps,
      pinched expression, and lividity, rapidly passing into a
      state of collapse, followed by death, or by a stage of
      reaction of fever.

   Cholera bacillus. See Comma bacillus.

   Cholera infantum, a dangerous summer disease, of infants,
      caused by hot weather, bad air, or poor milk, and
      especially fatal in large cities.

   Cholera morbus, a disease characterized by vomiting and
      purging, with gripings and cramps, usually caused by
      imprudence in diet or by gastrointestinal disturbance.

   Chicken cholera. See under Chicken.

   Hog cholera. See under Hog.

   Sporadic cholera, a disease somewhat resembling the Asiatic
      cholera, but originating where it occurs, and rarely
      becoming epidemic.
      [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

cholera
    n 1: an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of
         contaminated water or food [syn: cholera, Asiatic
         cholera, Indian cholera, epidemic cholera]

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

127 Moby Thesaurus words for "cholera":
   African lethargy, Asiatic cholera, Chagres fever, German measles,
   Haverhill fever, acute articular rheumatism, ague, alkali disease,
   amebiasis, amebic dysentery, anthrax, bacillary dysentery,
   bastard measles, black death, black fever, blackwater fever,
   breakbone fever, brucellosis, bubonic plague, cachectic fever,
   cerebral rheumatism, chicken pox, cowpox, dandy fever,
   deer fly fever, dengue, dengue fever, diphtheria, dumdum fever,
   dysentery, elephantiasis, encephalitis lethargica, enteric fever,
   erysipelas, famine fever, five-day fever, flu, frambesia,
   glandular fever, grippe, hansenosis, hepatitis, herpes,
   herpes simplex, herpes zoster, histoplasmosis, hookworm,
   hydrophobia, infantile paralysis, infectious mononucleosis,
   inflammatory rheumatism, influenza, jail fever, jungle rot,
   kala azar, kissing disease, lepra, leprosy, leptospirosis, loa loa,
   loaiasis, lockjaw, madness, malaria, malarial fever, marsh fever,
   measles, meningitis, milzbrand, mumps, ornithosis, osteomyelitis,
   paratyphoid fever, parotitis, parrot fever, pertussis, pneumonia,
   polio, poliomyelitis, polyarthritis rheumatism, ponos, psittacosis,
   rabbit fever, rabies, rat-bite fever, relapsing fever,
   rheumatic fever, rickettsialpox, ringworm, rubella, rubeola,
   scarlatina, scarlet fever, schistosomiasis, septic sore throat,
   shingles, sleeping sickness, sleepy sickness, smallpox,
   snail fever, splenic fever, spotted fever, strep throat,
   swamp fever, tetanus, thrush, tinea, trench fever, trench mouth,
   tuberculosis, tularemia, typhoid, typhoid fever, typhus,
   typhus fever, undulant fever, vaccinia, varicella, variola,
   venereal disease, viral dysentery, whooping cough, yaws,
   yellow fever, yellow jack, zona, zoster