The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Schoolman \School"man`\, n.; pl. Schoolmen.
   One versed in the niceties of academical disputation or of
   school divinity.
   [1913 Webster]

   Note: The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of the
         Middle Ages, esp. from the 11th century to the
         Reformation, who spent much time on points of nice and
         abstract speculation. They were so called because they
         taught in the mediaeval universities and schools of
         divinity.
         [1913 Webster]