The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (30 December 2018):

memory dump

    (Or "core dump") A
   file on hard disk (traditionally called "core") containing
   a copy of the contents of a process's memory, produced when
   a process is aborted by certain kinds of internal error or
   signal.

   Debuggers like adb and gdb can load the dump file and
   display the information it contains about the state of the
   running program.  This can be related to the program code,
   both object code and, in a source-level debugger, the
   source code.  Information includes the contents of
   registers, the call stack and all other program data.

   (2007-05-09)