1.
[syn: Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia, Dutch East Indies]
WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):
Indonesia
n 1: a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including
more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the
Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far
East and Pacific regions [syn: Indonesia, Republic of
Indonesia, Dutch East Indies]
CIA World Factbook 2002:
Indonesia
Introduction Indonesia
----------------------
Background: The world's largest archipelago,
Indonesia achieved independence from
the Netherlands in 1949. Current
issues include: implementing IMF-
mandated reforms of the banking
sector, effecting a transition to a
popularly-elected government after
four decades of authoritarianism,
addressing charges of cronyism and
corruption, holding the military
accountable for human rights
violations, and resolving growing
separatist pressures in Aceh and
Irian Jaya. On 30 August 1999 a
provincial referendum for
independence was overwhelmingly
approved by the people of Timor
Timur. Concurrence followed by
Indonesia's national legislature,
and the name East Timor was
provisionally adopted. On 20 May
2002, East Timor was internationally
recognized as an independent state.
Geography Indonesia
-------------------
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago
between the Indian Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area: total: 1,919,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than three times the
size of Texas
Land boundaries: total: 2,830 km
border countries: East Timor 228 km,
Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea
820 km
Coastline: 54,716 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic
baselines
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate
in highlands
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger
islands have interior mountains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel,
timber, bauxite, copper, fertile
soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use: arable land: 9.9%
permanent crops: 7.2%
other: 82.89% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 48,150 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: occasional floods, severe droughts,
tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes,
forest fires
Environment - current issues: deforestation; water pollution from
industrial wastes, sewage; air
pollution in urban areas; smoke and
haze from forest fires
Environment - international party to: Biodiversity, Climate
agreements: Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber
94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life
Conservation
Geography - note: archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000
inhabited); straddles Equator;
strategic location astride or along
major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to
Pacific Ocean
People Indonesia
----------------
Population: 231,328,092 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 1.54% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 21.87 births/1,000 population (2002
est.)
Death rate: 6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2002
est.)
Net migration rate: -0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: NA
under 15 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
total population: NA
Infant mortality rate: 39.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.63 years
female: 71.13 years (2002 est.)
male: 66.24 years
Total fertility rate: 2.54 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.05% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 52,000 (1999 est.)
AIDS:
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 3,100 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%,
Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%,
other 26%
Religions: Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman
Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%,
other 1% (1998)
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified
form of Malay), English, Dutch,
local dialects, the most widely
spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
and write
total population: 83.8%
male: 89.6%
female: 78% (1995 est.)
Government Indonesia
--------------------
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of
Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies;
Dutch East Indies
local short form: Indonesia
Government type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Administrative divisions: 27 provinces (propinsi-propinsi,
singular - propinsi), 2 special
regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa,
singular - daerah istimewa), and 1
special capital city district**
(daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*,
Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo,
Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat,
Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan
Barat, Kalimantan Selatan,
Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur,
Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Lampung,
Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara
Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua,
Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi
Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi
Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera
Selatan, Sumatera Utara,
Yogyakarta*; note - with the
implementation of decentralization
on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts
(regencies) have become the key
administrative units responsible for
providing most government services
note: following the 30 August 1999
provincial referendum for
independence which was
overwhelmingly approved by the
people of Timor Timur and the
October 1999 concurrence of
Indonesia's national legislature,
the name East Timor was adopted as a
provisional name for the political
entity formerly known as Propinsi
Timor Timur; East Timor gained its
formal independence on 20 May 2002
Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed
independence; on 27 December 1949,
Indonesia became legally independent
from the Netherlands)
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal
Constitution of 1949 and Provisional
Constitution of 1950, restored 5
July 1959
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law,
substantially modified by indigenous
concepts and by new criminal
procedures code; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and
married persons regardless of age
Executive branch: chief of state: President MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001)
and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since
26 July 2001); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head
of government
head of government: President
MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July
2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ
(since 26 July 2001); note - the
president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the
president
elections: president and vice
president elected separately by the
People's Consultative Assembly or
MPR for five-year terms; selection
of president last held 23 July 2001
(next to be held NA 2006); selection
of vice president last held 26 July
2001 (next to be held NA 2006)
note: the People's Consultative
Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan
Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of
Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat or DPR) plus 200 indirectly
selected members; it meets every
five years to elect the president
and vice president and to approve
broad outlines of national policy
and also has yearly meetings to
consider constitutional and
legislative changes
election results: MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri elected president,
receiving 591 votes in favor (91
abstentions); Hamzah HAZ elected
vice president, receiving 340 votes
in favor (237 against)
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR)
(500 seats; 462 elected by popular
vote, 38 are appointed military
representatives; members serve five-
year terms)
election results: percent of vote by
party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%,
PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB
1.8%, other 4.5%; seats by party -
PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB
51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30; note -
subsequent to the election, there
has been a change in the
distribution of seats; the new
distribution is: PDI-P 153, Golkar
120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 13,
other 32
elections: last held 7 June 1999
(next to be held NA 2004)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung
(justices appointed by the president
from a list of candidates approved
by the legislature); note - the
Supreme Court is preparing to assume
administrative responsibility for
the federal court system, previously
run by the executive
Political parties and leaders: Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB
[Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman];
Federation of Functional Groups or
Golkar [Akbar TANDJUNG, general
chairman]; Indonesia Democracy
Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National
Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB,
chairman]; National Mandate Party or
PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]; United
Development Party or PPP (federation
of former Islamic parties) [Hamzah
HAZ, chairman]
Political pressure groups and NA
leaders:
International organization APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP,
participation: ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM,
OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM,
UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU,
WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI
Brotodiningrat
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue
NW, Washington, DC 20036
consulate(s) general: Chicago,
Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and
San Francisco
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph
US: L. BOYCE
embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan
3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1,
APO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red
(top) and white; similar to the flag
of Monaco, which is shorter; also
similar to the flag of Poland, which
is white (top) and red
Economy Indonesia
-----------------
Economy - overview: Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation,
faces severe economic development
problems, stemming from secessionist
movements and the low level of
security in the regions, the lack of
reliable legal recourse in contract
disputes, corruption, weaknesses in
the banking system, and strained
relations with the IMF. Investor
confidence will remain low and few
new jobs will be created under these
circumstances. In November 2001,
Indonesia agreed with the IMF on a
series of economic reforms in 2002,
thus enabling further IMF
disbursements. Keys to future growth
remain internal reform, the build-up
of the confidence of international
donors and investors, and a strong
comeback in the global economy.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $687
billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 3.3% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $3,000
(2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17%
industry: 41%
services: 42% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 27% (1999)
Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 4%
percentage share: highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini 31.7 (1999)
index:
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.5% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 99 million (1999)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 45%, industry 16%,
services 39% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate: 8% (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $26 billion
expenditures: $30 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2000
est.)
Industries: petroleum and natural gas; textiles,
apparel, and footwear; mining,
cement, chemical fertilizers,
plywood; rubber; food; tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 92.575 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 81.02%
hydro: 14.04%
other: 4.94% (2000)
nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 86.095 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts,
rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil,
copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Exports: $56.5 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: oil and gas, electrical appliances,
plywood, textiles, rubber
Exports - partners: Japan 23.4%, US 13.8%, Singapore
10.7%, South Korea 7%, China 4.5%,
Malaysia 3.2% (2000 est.)
Imports: $38.1 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment; chemicals,
fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners: Japan 16.3%, Singapore 11.4%, US
10.2%, South Korea 6.3%, China 6.1%,
Australia 5.1% (2000 est.)
Debt - external: $135 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $43 billion from IMF program and
other official external financing
(1997-2000)
Currency: Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Currency code: IDR
Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar -
10,377.3 (January 2002), 10,260.9
(2001), 8,421.8 (2000), 7,855.2
(1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4
(1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year; note - previously was
1 April - 31 March, but starting
with 2001, has been changed to
calendar year
Communications Indonesia
------------------------
Telephones - main lines in use: 5,588,310 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 1.07 million (1998)
Telephone system: general assessment: domestic service
fair, international service good
domestic: interisland microwave
system and HF radio police net;
domestic satellite communications
system
international: satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
Radios: 31.5 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 41 (1999)
Televisions: 13.75 million (1997)
Internet country code: .id
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 24 (2000)
Internet users: 2 million (2001)
Transportation Indonesia
------------------------
Railways: total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge
(101 km electrified; 101 km double-
track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2001)
Highways: total: 342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030 km (1997)
Waterways: 21,579 km total
note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and
Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km,
Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian
Jaya 4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum
products 456 km; natural gas 1,703
km (1989)
Ports and harbors: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang,
Makassar, Palembang, Semarang,
Surabaya
Merchant marine: total: 668 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 2,969,281 GRT/4,043,526 DWT
note: includes some foreign-owned
ships registered here as a flag of
convenience: Greece 1, Hong Kong 2,
India 1, Japan 2, Malaysia 1, Monaco
3, Panama 1, Philippines 1,
Singapore 11, South Korea 1,
Switzerland 1, UK 2, US 1 (2002
est.)
ships by type: bulk 41, cargo 392,
chemical tanker 12, container 32,
liquefied gas 3, livestock carrier
1, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 14,
petroleum tanker 126, refrigerated
cargo 1, roll on/roll off 15, short-
sea passenger 8, specialized tanker
9, vehicle carrier 6
Airports: 490 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 156
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 48
under 914 m: 45 (2001)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 46
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 339
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 27
under 914 m: 309 (2001)
Heliports: 6 (2001)
Military Indonesia
------------------
Military branches: Army, Navy (including marines and
naval air arm), Air Force
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 65,013,184 (2002
est.)
Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 37,942,329 (2002
service: est.)
Military manpower - reaching military males: 2,263,706 (2002 est.)
age annually:
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $1 billion (FY98/99)
Military expenditures - percent of 1.3% (FY98/99)
GDP:
Transnational Issues Indonesia
------------------------------
Disputes - international: Sipadan and Ligitan islands dispute
with Malaysia remains with the ICJ
for arbitration since 1998; East
Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee
meets to survey and delimit land
boundary; Indonesia seeks resolution
of East Timor refugees in Indonesia;
Australia-East Timor-Indonesia are
working to resolve maritime boundary
and sharing of seabed resources in
"Timor Gap"
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely
for domestic use; possible growing
role as transshipment point for
Golden Triangle heroin