The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Temper \Tem"per\, n.
   1. The state of any compound substance which results from the
      mixture of various ingredients; due mixture of different
      qualities; just combination; as, the temper of mortar.
      [1913 Webster]

   2. Constitution of body; temperament; in old writers, the
      mixture or relative proportion of the four humors, blood,
      choler, phlegm, and melancholy.
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            The exquisiteness of his [Christ's] bodily temper
            increased the exquisiteness of his torment.
                                                  --Fuller.
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   3. Disposition of mind; the constitution of the mind,
      particularly with regard to the passions and affections;
      as, a calm temper; a hasty temper; a fretful temper.
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            Remember with what mild
            And gracious temper he both heared and judged.
                                                  --Milton.
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            The consequents of a certain ethical temper. --J. H.
                                                  Newman.
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   4. Calmness of mind; moderation; equanimity; composure; as,
      to keep one's temper.
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            To fall with dignity, with temper rise. --Pope.
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            Restore yourselves to your tempers, fathers. --B.
                                                  Jonson.
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   5. Heat of mind or passion; irritation; proneness to anger;
      -- in a reproachful sense. [Colloq.]
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   6. The state of a metal or other substance, especially as to
      its hardness, produced by some process of heating or
      cooling; as, the temper of iron or steel.
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   7. Middle state or course; mean; medium. [R.]
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            The perfect lawgiver is a just temper between the
            mere man of theory, who can see nothing but general
            principles, and the mere man of business, who can
            see nothing but particular circumstances.
                                                  --Macaulay.
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   8. (Sugar Works) Milk of lime, or other substance, employed
      in the process formerly used to clarify sugar.
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   Temper screw, in deep well boring, an adjusting screw
      connecting the working beam with the rope carrying the
      tools, for lowering the tools as the drilling progresses.
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   Syn: Disposition; temperament; frame; humor; mood. See
        Disposition.
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The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Temper screw \Tem"per screw\
   1. A screw link, to which is attached the rope of a
      rope-drilling apparatus, for feeding and slightly turning
      the drill jar at each stroke.
      [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

   2. A set screw used for adjusting.
      [Webster 1913 Suppl.]