The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Pistacia \Pis*ta"ci*a\, n. [NL. See Pistachio.] (Bot.)
   The name of a genus of trees, including the tree which bears
   the pistachio (Pistacia vera), the Mediterranean mastic
   tree (Pistacia Lentiscus), and the species (Pistacia
   Terebinthus) which yields Chian or Cyprus turpentine.
   [1913 Webster]

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Turpentine \Tur"pen*tine\ (t[^u]r"p[e^]n*t[imac]n), n. [F.
   t['e]r['e]benthine, OF. also turbentine; cf. Pr. terebentina,
   terbentina, It. terebentina, trementina; fr. L. terebinthinus
   of the turpentine tree, from terebinthus the turpentine tree.
   Gr. tere`binqos, te`rminqos. See Terebinth.]
   A semifluid or fluid oleoresin, primarily the exudation of
   the terebinth, or turpentine, tree (Pistacia Terebinthus),
   a native of the Mediterranean region. It is also obtained
   from many coniferous trees, especially species of pine,
   larch, and fir.
   [1913 Webster]

   Note: There are many varieties of turpentine. Chian
         turpentine is produced in small quantities by the
         turpentine tree (Pistacia Terebinthus). Venice,
         Swiss, or larch turpentine, is obtained from Larix
         Europaea. It is a clear, colorless balsam, having a
         tendency to solidify. Canada turpentine, or Canada
         balsam, is the purest of all the pine turpentines (see
         under Balsam). The Carpathian and Hungarian varieties
         are derived from Pinus Cembra and Pinus Mugho.
         Carolina turpentine, the most abundant kind, comes from
         the long-leaved pine (Pinus palustris). Strasburg
         turpentine is from the silver fir (Abies pectinata).
         [1913 Webster]

   Oil of turpentine (Chem.), a colorless oily hydrocarbon,
      C10H16, of a pleasant aromatic odor, obtained by the
      distillation of crude turpentine. It is used in making
      varnishes, in medicine, etc. It is the type of the
      terpenes and is related to cymene. Called also
      terebenthene, terpene, etc.

   Turpentine moth (Zool.), any one of several species of
      small tortricid moths whose larvae eat the tender shoots
      of pine and fir trees, causing an exudation of pitch or
      resin.

   Turpentine tree (Bot.), the terebinth tree, the original
      source of turpentine. See Turpentine, above.
      [1913 Webster]

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Chian \Chi"an\a. [L. chius, fr. Chios the island Chios, Gr. ?.]
   Of or pertaining to Chios, an island in the [AE]gean Sea.
   [1913 Webster]

   Chian earth, a dense, compact kind of earth, from Chios,
      used anciently as an astringent and a cosmetic.

   Chian turpentine, a fragrant, almost transparent
      turpentine, obtained from the Pistacia Terebinthus.
      [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

Pistacia terebinthus
    n 1: a Mediterranean tree yielding Chian turpentine [syn:
         terebinth, Pistacia terebinthus]